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sonic hedgehog
Sonic hedgehog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SHH ("sonic hedgehog") gene. Both the gene and the protein may also be found notated alternatively as "Shh".
Sonic hedgehog is one of three proteins in the mammalian signaling pathway family called hedgehog, the others being desert hedgehog (DHH) and Indian hedgehog (IHH). SHH is the best studied ligand of the hedgehog signaling pathway. It plays a key role in regulating vertebrate organogenesis, such as in the growth of digits on limbs and organization of the brain. Sonic hedgehog is the best established example of a morphogen as defined by Lewis Wolpert's French flag model—a molecule that diffuses to form a concentration gradient and has different effects on the cells of the developing embryo depending on its concentration. SHH remains important in the adult. It controls cell division of adult stem cells and has been implicated in the development of some cancers.
== Discovery ==
The hedgehog gene (''hh'') was first identified in the fruit-fly ''Drosophila melanogaster'' in the classic Heidelberg screens of Christiane Nusslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus, as published in 1980. These screens, which led to them winning the Nobel Prize in 1995 along with developmental geneticist Edward B. Lewis, identified genes that control the segmentation pattern of the ''Drosophila'' embryos. The ''hh'' loss of function mutant phenotype causes the embryos to be covered with denticles (small pointy projections), resembling a hedgehog.
Investigations aimed at finding a ''hedgehog'' equivalent in vertebrates by Philip Ingham, Andrew P. McMahon, and Clifford Tabin, revealed three homologous genes. Two of these, ''desert hedgehog'' and ''Indian hedgehog'', were named for species of hedgehogs, while ''sonic hedgehog'' was named after Sega's video game character Sonic the Hedgehog. The name was devised by Dr. Robert Riddle, who was a postdoctoral fellow at the Tabin Lab, after he saw a Sonic comic his daughter had brought from England. In the zebrafish, two of the three vertebrate ''hh'' genes are duplicated: ''SHH a'', ''SHH b'', (formerly described as ''tiggywinkle hedgehog'' named for Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle, a character from Beatrix Potter's books for children), ''ihha'' and ''ihhb'' (formerly described as ''echidna hedgehog'', named for the spiny anteater and not for the ''Sonic'' character).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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